specific heat of benzene

Get the detailed answer: What is the specific heat of benzene? Heat capacities of some organic substances at low temperature, Zhdanov, A.K., These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. Vesely, F.; Zabransky, M.; Svoboda, V.; Pick, J., Toluene is also processed into benzene. The short term exposure limit for airborne benzene is 5 ppm for 15 minutes. [citation needed], Several tests can determine exposure to benzene. Benzene is hepatically metabolized and excreted in the urine. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. C11H16 = 148.25. Data table of specific heat capacity of liquids Please find below a table of common liquids and their specific heat capacity, aggregated from different sources. The hydrocarbon derived from benzoic acid thus acquired the name benzin, benzol, or benzene. Die aromatischen Verbindungen. Copper standard solution | 7440-50-8 | Environmental Chemical Analysis [all data], Naziev, Bashirov, et al., 1986 Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. [65] More than half of the entire benzene production is processed into ethylbenzene, a precursor to styrene, which is used to make polymers and plastics like polystyrene. See also tabulated values of specific heat of gases, food and foodstuff, metals and semimetals, common solids and other common substances as well as values of molar heat capacity of common organic substances and inorganic substances. In 1988 it was reported that two-thirds of all chemicals on the American Chemical Society's lists contained at least one benzene ring. Physical State (20 deg.C) Liquid. Ref. The . Res., 1931, NBS 6, 881-900. He gave the compound the name benzin. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. The temperatures of the distillate and rejected brine flowing from the preheaters are 45 C . Class XII. DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr. 80.0C Boiling Point Melting Point Heat of Vaporization: Heat of Fusion 10.0C 10.0 kJ/mol 30.0 kJ/mol 100.0 J/mol K 90.0 J/mol K 70.0 J/mol K heat capacity . Uchebn. 1 C H vap (80. the [42] If the anecdote is the memory of a real event, circumstances mentioned in the story suggest that it must have happened early in 1862. Thermal data on organic compounds. As benzene is ubiquitous in gasoline and hydrocarbon fuels that are in use everywhere, human exposure to benzene is a global health problem. Grolier, J.-P.E. [98] Benzene metabolism involves enzymes coded for by polymorphic genes. (PDF) 1,4-Bis(4-amino-phen-oxy)benzene. (2008) | Ahsan M. Shemsi | 1 Birch reduction, a non catalytic process, however selectively hydrogenates benzene to the diene. Examples of simple benzene derivatives are phenol, toluene, and aniline, abbreviated PhOH, PhMe, and PhNH2, respectively. J. Chem. In 1903, Ludwig Roselius popularized the use of benzene to decaffeinate coffee. J. Chem. The Cl , Br and CN nucleophiles can easily be introduced in the benzene ring of benzene diazonium salt in the presence of Cu(I) ion. Ethyl alcohol likely exhibits more hydrogen bonding than water. Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. According to the ATSDR Toxicological Profile for benzene, between 1978 and 1981, catalytic reformates accounted for approximately 4450% of the total U.S benzene production.[52]. ; Badalov, Yu.A., Chapter 13 Liquids and Solids - Texas A&M University Equation 1. Soc., 1925, 47, 1490-1503. [all data], Ferguson and Miller, 1933 J. Temperature and Pressure - Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of benzene, C 6 H 6, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 325 C (42 to 620 F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units. Inter. Glutathione seems to play an important role by protecting against benzene-induced DNA breaks and it is being identified as a new biomarker for exposure and effect. NQ01 mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased detoxification. Am. Commun., 1979, 44, 3529-3532. Benzene. The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk. ; Daniels, F., Obshch. Benzene: 0.085: 2.7: 4.0: 1460: Hexane: . Benzene Specific Heat -- EndMemo Excess heat capacities for mixture of benzene with n-heptane at 293.15, 298.15 and 303.15 K, If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. Mixtures containing N,N-dimethylformamide, It is also used in water treatment chemicals, paper sizing, artificial sweeteners, flavor enhancers, cosmetics, and lubricants. For commercial use, until World War II, much of benzene was obtained as a by-product of coke production (or "coke-oven light oil") for the steel industry. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. 9.11 Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas): 1.061 9.12 Latent Heat of Vaporization: 169 Btu/lb = 94.1 cal/g = 3.94 X 105 J/kg Note: (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid, otherwise value is equilibrium temperature of vapor over liquid. Chem. Technology, Office of Data Heat capacity of benzene and of toluene from 8C. Specific heat of ethyl alcohol= 2.44 . Benzene vapor is heavier than air. ; Inglese, A.; Wilhelm, E., Except where noted otherwise, data relate to, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 04:18. When certain compounds are heated, light is emitted because the compounds CONVERT some of the energy from the heating into coloured light of specific colours. Benzene, also commonly known as benzol, is a colorless liquid with a sweet pungent odor. Surface area of the liquid c. Pressure 6. Here Kekul spoke of the creation of the theory. Burlew, J.S., NBS, 1946, 36, 455-461. PDF BENZENE BNZ - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Phosgene. Diffuse through otherliquids 6. [all data], Shiohama, Ogawa, et al., 1988 Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. It is probable that trying to dispose of benzene in this way will also break local, environmental rules. [101] After smoking 32 cigarettes per day, the smoker would take in about 1.8 milligrams (mg) of benzene. See: Thiele, Johannes (1899) "Zur Kenntnis der ungesttigten Verbindungen" (On our knowledge of unsaturated compounds), Kolmetz, Gentry, Guidelines for BTX Revamps, AIChE 2007 Spring Conference, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. With the global phaseout of leaded gasoline, benzene has made a comeback as a gasoline additive in some nations. BENZENE BNZ CAUTIONARY RESPONSE INFORMATION Common Synonyms Watery liquid Colorless Gasoline-like odor Floats on water. Anal. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. Although of no commercial significance, many other routes to benzene exist. Excess properties of the mixture bis(2-dichlorethyl)ether (chlorex) + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), The major sources of benzene exposure are tobacco smoke, automobile service stations, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions; however, ingestion and dermal absorption of benzene can also occur through contact with contaminated water. [all data], Grolier, Wilhelm, et al., 1978 The reaction of the diazonium compound derived from aniline with hypophosphorus acid gives benzene. Similarly, the Friedel-Crafts acylation is a related example of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Pure Benzene (C_6H_6) has a melting point of 5.5 degrees Celsius. In 1855, Hofmann used the word "aromatic" to designate this family relationship, after a characteristic property of many of its members. ; Daniels, A.C., Flow microcalorimeter for heat capacities of solutions, J. Chem. The word "benzene" derives from "gum benzoin" (benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known since ancient times in Southeast Asia; and later to European pharmacists and perfumers in the 16th century via trade routes. Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Devon is applying 100N of . phys. Thermal and volumetric properties of chloroform + benzene mixtures and the ideal associated solution model of complex formation, Carbon dioxide (CO2). The aromatic products of the reaction are then separated from the reaction mixture (or reformate) by extraction with any one of a number of solvents, including diethylene glycol or sulfolane, and benzene is then separated from the other aromatics by distillation. [52] Benzene molecules have been detected on Mars.[53][54][55]. In general, the evaluated uncertainty limits are on the order of (0.5 to 2.5) kJ/mol. ; Blanchard, E.R. At the critical point there is no change of state when pressure is increased or if heat is added. Short Commun. Specific heat of sulphuric acid= 1.40 . Structure and properties . Fortier, J.-L.; Benson, G.C., Am. III. The reaction involves the acylation of benzene (or many other aromatic rings) with an acyl chloride using a strong Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium chloride or Iron(III) chloride. Benzene was historically used as a significant component in many consumer products such as liquid wrench, several paint strippers, rubber cements, spot removers, and other products. The specific heat of liquid water is 4.184 J/g C and the specific heat of steam is 1.99 J/g C. H vapof water = 40.8 kJ/mol. Das Benzol." ; Shipova, V.A., This discovery led to the production of Sanka. Curiously, a similar, humorous depiction of benzene had appeared in 1886 in a pamphlet entitled Berichte der Durstigen Chemischen Gesellschaft (Journal of the Thirsty Chemical Society), a parody of the Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, only the parody had monkeys seizing each other in a circle, rather than snakes as in Kekul's anecdote. Data, 1985, 30, 267-269. Organic Chemistry - Specific Name Reactions. Tanaka, R., Studies on the heat capacities at low temperature. For example, mutations in CYP2E1 increase activity and result in increased generation of toxic metabolites. Mitt. Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. Benzene (CAS 71-43-2) 1 Carcinogenic to humans. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Sandmeyer Reaction. The heat capacities and heat of crystallization of some isomeric aromatic compounds, [all data], Gorbunova, Grigoriev, et al., 1982 J. Chem. Monatsh. Acad. [20] In 1836, the French chemist Auguste Laurent named the substance "phne";[21] this word has become the root of the English word "phenol", which is hydroxylated benzene, and "phenyl", the radical formed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom (free radical H) from benzene. The molecular conformation is stabilized by NHO and NHN intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions. [all data], Rajagopal and Subrahmanyam, 1974 AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. ; Wilhelm, E.; Hamedi, M.H., [77] The US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) classifies benzene as a human carcinogen. [83] The maximum allowable amount of benzene in workroom air during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek is 1 ppm. Most people in developed countries have measureable baseline levels of benzene and other aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons in their blood. (VIII. Dejardin, G., Chat now for more business. C) Question: It takes 11.2 KJ of energy to raise the temperature of 145 g of benzene from 25.0C to 70.0C. Tschamler, H., 7.2: Heat - Chemistry LibreTexts National Institutes of Health. Buy BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE chemicals from Wuhan Kaimubuke Pharmaceutical Good, W.D. ; Temprado, M.; Chickos, J.S. OneClass: What is the specific heat of benzene? [9], 1919, 11, 253-291. Experimental device for measurement of isobaric specific heat of electrolytes at elevated pressures, 3 mtr circ Lifting strap 1 Ton x 1.5m EWL round sling Hoist, 30PCS 3/8-16x1-3/4" Allen Socket Head Cap Screws Bolts Alloy Coarse Black Oxide, Drive 6 Point Deep Impact Socket 55433 x 1/2 in Steelman 13/16 in, Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane Alarm, 1-Count Sharpie Twin-Tip . Uber binare flussige Mischungen I. Mischungswarment, Volumseffekte und Zustandsdiagramme von chlorex mit benzol und n-alkylbenzolen, Am. Benzene - Density and Specific Weight vs. (1-Ethylpropyl)benzene 1196-58-3 | Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.(APAC) ; Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E., We don't collect information from our users. J. [40] Some historians have suggested that the parody was a lampoon of the snake anecdote, possibly already well known through oral transmission even if it had not yet appeared in print. The use of mixing calorimeter for measuring heat capacities of liquids, Czarnota, I., Richards, W.T. The phase diagram for benzene shows the phase behavior with changes in temperature and pressure. Ethylbenzene Formula: C 8 H 10 Molecular weight: 106.1650 IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 IUPAC Standard InChIKey: YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CAS Registry Number: 100-41-4 Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file Heat capacities and densities of mixtures of very polar substances 2. More heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 g of benzene 1.C.C than to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1.C.C. J. Compt. In similar fashion to this catalytic reforming, UOP and BP commercialized a method from LPG (mainly propane and butane) to aromatics. As the carbon atoms in the benzene ring collided with each other, each carbon atom would collide twice with one neighbor during a given interval and then twice with its other neighbor during the next interval. The specific heat capacity of liquid water is 4.18 J/g-K. How many joules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 5.00 g of water from 25.1C to 65.3C? Khim., 1947, 17, 1999-2003. Replacement of a second CH bond with N gives, depending on the location of the second N, pyridazine, pyrimidine, or pyrazine. Today, most benzene comes from the petrochemical industry, with only a small fraction being produced from coal. [all data], Maass and Walbauer, 1925 A method for the determination of the specific heats of liquids, and a determination of the specific heats of aniline and benzene over the approximate range 20C to 50C, Benzene (data page) - Wikipedia "Zur Kenntnis der ungesttigen Verbindungen,", "Untersuchungen ber aromatische Verbindungen (Investigations of aromatic compounds)", "The Structure of the Benzene Ring in Hexamethylbenzene", "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method", "Meet Kathleen Lonsdale, the physicist and prison reformer who cracked benzene's code", "Faits pour servir la dtermination du lieu chimique dans la srie aromatique", "Untersuchungen ber die Constitution der zweifach-substituirten Benzole", "Life on Mars? [all data], Kalali, Kohler, et al., 1987 These aberrations can be monitored using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes to assess the effects of benzene along with the hematological tests as markers of hematotoxicity. J. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! In heterocycles, carbon atoms in the benzene ring are replaced with other elements. In 1870, the German chemist . In 2013, the biggest consumer country of benzene was China, followed by the USA. Temp., 1983, 21(2), 270-275. ; Udowenko, W.W., Oliver, G.D.; Eaton, M.; Huffman, H.M., Eliminate heat and ignition sources such as sparks, open flames, hot surfaces and static [all data], Grolier, Inglese, et al., 1982 Specific Hazards Arising from the Chemical Flammable. The thermal analysis clearly ensures the enhancement in case of benzene added water upward spray, and the achieved average heat flux is 1.78 MW m 2. What are hydrocarbon compounds? Why do they burn with a smokeless flame? Monatsh. Toluene hydrodealkylation converts toluene to benzene. Standard Reference Data Act. Some 20% of the benzene production is used to manufacture cumene, which is needed to produce phenol and acetone for resins and adhesives. Trans. Investigation of stoichiometric methane/air/benzene (1.5%) and methane [all data], Fortier and Benson, 1976 Most of these metabolites have some value as biomarkers of human exposure, since they accumulate in the urine in proportion to the extent and duration of exposure, and they may still be present for some days after exposure has ceased. National Institute of Standards and Temperature and Pressure - Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of benzene, C 6 H 6, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 325 C (42 to 620 F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units. In this process, the xylene stream exiting the TDP unit is approximately 90% p-xylene. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. [96], The paradigm of toxicological assessment of benzene is shifting towards the domain of molecular toxicology as it allows understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms in a better way. Department of Health and Human Services. Isotopic effect in the specific heat of some deutero compounds, 1 C) = 30.7 k // mol melting point = 5.5 0 C A H tin (5.50 C) = 9.95 kV / mol specific heat liguid = 1.741/ 0 C At a pressure of 1 atm, what is AH in kJ for the process of condensing a 31.3 a sample of gaseous benzene at . Although benzene and pyridine are structurally related, benzene cannot be converted into pyridine. J. Chem. Soc., 1924, 46, 903-917. [44][45] Using large crystals of hexamethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with the same core of six carbon atoms, Lonsdale obtained diffraction patterns. ; T = 280 to 353 K. Data also given by equation. Advertisement Advertisement New questions in Physics. It takes 11.2 kJ of energy to raise the temperature of 145 g of benzene Thermodynam., 1988, 20, 1183-1189. The two were allowed to come to thermal equilibrium and the final temperature was 24.1C. Trans. Eng. [all data], Burlew, 1940 Lainez, A.; Rodrigo, M.M. Copyright for NIST Standard Reference Data is governed by Obshchei Khim., 1934, 4, 1027-1033. J. Thermophysics, 1982, 3, 1-15. ; Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid, Entropy of solid at standard conditions (1 bar), Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions, Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions. In 2005, the water supply to the city of Harbin in China with a population of almost nine million people, was cut off because of a major benzene exposure. "Spectral Database for Organic Compounds", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzene_(data_page)&oldid=1139250020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Univ. of Health and Human Services: TR-289: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzene, NLM Hazardous Substances Databank Benzene, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzene&oldid=1139445886, potential occupational carcinogen, flammable. In liquid form,benzeneis clear, colorless and Whereas alkenes can be hydrogenated near room temperatures, benzene and related compounds are more reluctant substrates, requiring temperatures >100C. Faraday Soc., 1956, 52, 753-763. *** Very flammable. ; Hart, K.R., Zhur. What is the specific heat of benzene? - displaypointer.com If the sample is heated at constant pressure (P = 1 atm), calculate the amount of energy in kJ needed to raise the temperature of the sample to 102.70 C. Zur Thermodynamik von Mischphasen IX. Replacing one CH with N gives the compound pyridine, C5H5N. Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure May cause drowsiness and dizziness. J. ; Jost, W., [citation needed] Prior to the 1920s, benzene was frequently used as an industrial solvent, especially for degreasing metal. Excess heat capacity of the binary systems formed by n-propyl alcohol with benzene, mesitylene and cyclohexane, X-ray diffraction shows that all six carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are of the same length, at 140 picometres (pm). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, benzene was used as an after-shave lotion because of its pleasant smell. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. Chem. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has set a maximum contaminant level for benzene in drinking water at 0.0005mg/L (5 ppb), as promulgated via the U.S. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure. Explain how the vaporization of a liquid is affected by increasing the: a. This reaction is practiced on a large scale industrially. Maass, O.; Walbauer, L.J., See, The word "benzoin" is derived from the Arabic expression ", Laurent, Auguste (1836) "Sur la chlorophnise et les acides chlorophnisique et chlorophnsique,". In this hydrogen-intensive process, toluene is mixed with hydrogen, then passed over a chromium, molybdenum, or platinum oxide catalyst at 500650C and 2060 atm pressure. Ann. The proportionality constant c is sometimes referred to as the specific heat capacity or (incorrectly) the heat capacity. Specific heat of Benzene Gas - C6H6 - at temperatures ranging 250 - 900 K: Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! Myeloperoxidase mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased generation of toxic metabolites. The specific heat transfer area is 109.46 m 2 per (kg/s) of fresh water and the heat transfer area of the distillate preheater is 200 m 2. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. [67], As a gasoline (petrol) additive, benzene increases the octane rating and reduces knocking. Specific Heat Search. ; Khan, V.H., Reddy, K.S., Report I. ; T = 93 to 300 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum. ; Rossini, F.D., ; Tupman, W.I. [all data], Pacor, 1967 [all data], Ogawa and Murakami, 1985 Data, 1969, 14, 102-106. The American Petroleum Institute (API) stated in 1948 that "it is generally considered that the only absolutely safe concentration for benzene is zero". Bull. Pyrolysis gasoline can be blended with other hydrocarbons as a gasoline additive, or routed through an extraction process to recover BTX aromatics (benzene, toluene and xylenes). Wilhelm, E.; Faradjzadeh, A.; Grolier, J.-P.E., In catalytic reforming, a mixture of hydrocarbons with boiling points between 60 and 200C is blended with hydrogen gas and then exposed to a bifunctional platinum chloride or rhenium chloride catalyst at 500525C and pressures ranging from 850 atm. What is the formula for specific heat? Organic Chemistry Named Reaction in Detail by Meritnation Reaxys Registry Number. ; T = 9 to 80C, mean Cp, five temperatures. Specific Heat The specific heat for some commonly used liquids and fluids is given in the table below. 14.3 g What is the oxidation number of carbon in C2O4? +4 A piece of aluminum metal at an initial temperature of 97.3C was placed in a calorimeter containing 49.0g of water at an initial temperature of 22.0C. Sci., 1969, 38, 510-511. and robots that compete in the performance of specific operational tasks. DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing, Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Notes, Roux, Temprado, et al., 2008 Findenegg, G.H. Ramadevi Punyamurthy et al. Linking benzene rings gives biphenyl, C6H5C6H5. Outdoor air may contain low levels of benzene from automobile service stations, wood smoke, tobacco smoke, the transfer of gasoline, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions. The United States Environmental Protection Agency introduced new regulations in 2011 that lowered the benzene content in gasoline to 0.62%. There are limitations on the content of benzene in gasoline. Depending on the feedstock used to produce the olefins, steam cracking can produce a benzene-rich liquid by-product called pyrolysis gasoline. Trans. by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. Specific Heat Calculator These genes may be targets for genetic screening for susceptibility to benzene toxicity. The EPA requires that spills or accidental releases into the environment of 10 pounds (4.5kg) or more of benzene be reported. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) adopted Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for benzene at 0.5 ppm TWA and 2.5 ppm STEL. Applicability of the DuPont 900 DTA apparatus in quantitative differential thermal analysis, [all data], Vesely, Zabransky, et al., 1979 Some thermodynamice properties of the systems benzene + ethylene dichloride, benzene + carbon tetrachloride, acetone + chloroform, and acetone + carbon disulphide, Sometimes, higher temperatures are used instead of a catalyst (at the similar reaction condition). Atalla, S.R. Heat capacity of benzene at high pressures, From p. 102: " benzene, according to this view, may be represented by a double ring, in fact." Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure - Category 1. ber das Verdampfungsgleichgewicht Benzol-1-2-Dichloraethan, Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E. The structure of benzene and the benzene ring is shown in Figure 1.2. MSDS for benzene is available at AMOCO. ; Bhatagadde, L.G., Swietoslawski, W.; Zielenkiewicz, A., [all data], Wilhelm, Faradjzadeh, et al., 1982 Recko, W.M., Energy released when benzene converts from 100oC to 80oC (in this range it is gas as temperature>Boiling . on behalf of the United States of America. Excess heat capacities for mixtures of benzene with cyclopentane, methylcyclohexane, and cyclooctane at 298.15 K, Fortier, J.-L.; Benson, G.C. [all data], Dejardin, 1919 Faraday Soc., 1955, 51, 323-342. "Heats of Formation and Chemical Compositions" [68] European petrol specifications now contain the same 1% limit on benzene content.