sir Arthur Richards strengthened this proposal in 1945 and regionalism was introduced by his administration in 1946. All these strengthen political bonds and gave Rice to unity in diversity. Political institutions, Kinship ties, Origin of towns and their cultural antecedents are enriched with similar history. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. This is because most of the power (financial and. To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. Federalism is a mixed form of government where there is a general government always known as the central or federal government and regional governments which could be provincial or states governments. Federalism is a method of segregating powers so that the central and local governments are each within a domain, harmonizing and autonomous. Federalism also in this manner, preserves cultures of the minorities from being drowned in the ocean of the cultures of the majorities. However, that is not so in a federal government system. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. >> From the above explanation, one can rightly say that the constitution of Nigeria and United States of America are federal constitutions while the constitution of France and the Republic of Ireland are Unitary constitutions. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. << /Subtype /Image /Filter /FlateDecode It is believed by many that this was one of the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federalist system. Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. There are Benin and Togo in between Ghana and Nigeria, two of the former British African colonies. First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF FEDERALISM According to IDEA (2015:3), federalism is adoption for the following reasons: Scale: This credited the operation of federalism to the adoption of democracy which allowed for citizens to participate directly in political life. For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. of diversities helps in a nations decision to adopt the aggregative or disaggregative type of federalism. To begin with, the title of this book, " Last Train to Biafra " is allegorically evocative of the severing of, or rather the dead relationship between Nigeria and Biafra. - Cooperative or "marble-cake" federalism is de ned as a exible relationship between the national and state government in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs. Constitutionalism in Nigeria has been crisis-ridden since independence in 1960. In Nigerian democracy, there is a federalist system of government. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. Further Philosophical Issues 4.1 Sovereignty or federalism 4.2 Issues of Constitutional and Institutional Design 4.3 Sources of Stability 4.4 Division of Power 4.5 Distributive Justice For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. Besides the Big Three - Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. It is on this footing, herewith, that one can properly understand the rational for, and theory of federalism, what and why certain trends theme up federal-state relations in Nigeria, and the features of federal-state relations in Nigeria. Everybody would likely agree that the conscious awareness and awakening of the course of who is who invariably determines who gets what, perhaps when and how. 2) The Problem of Minorities: In Nigeria, there are majority groups and minority groups. The origin of federalism in Nigeria can be traced to the colonial era. Nigeria did not choose federal system of government because it is the best or most practiced system of government in the world. Thus, federalism is mostly considered a tangible element for coexistence, but much more, I think, as political syrup, for adumbrating potent dislocations inherent in, and symptomatic of pluralist societies. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? Federalism as a system of government has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. Identities can be in terms of ethnicity, culture, religion and other differences," she says. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. 74 . << British North American colonies unite 3 Up to 1867, the colonies 4 of British North America had no political or geographical links. Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. The Plural nature of Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. History of federal system of government in nigeria. The calls for restructuring have been louder particularly from the southern part of Nigeria. Meaningful studies, especially the comparative study of Vile, have significantly shown that emerging challenges of conflict, cooperation and competition amongst levels of government in classical federalist states such as U.S., Canada and Australia, are important rationales for federating as well as the hallmarks of federal government (Vile, cited in Jinadu, 1979). However, where there is a conflict of authority between the federal government and regional government, the federal authority supersedes. Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. So majority if not all of them were in favor of a federalist system of governance. we are proud to nigeria our inherited country,god bless nigeria. It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. (eds. By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard , when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. In Nigeria, it could be argued that our federal system of government is the creation of British colonialism. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria explained. INTRO: Federalism has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are as much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. 2013 PP.100-107, This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of imbalance political structures that were established before and after independence. Naturally, federal system of government has some distinctive features namely: 1. This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of Despite the profound and lengthy discussions that have taken place on the subject for about four and half decades, consensus has not been reached concerning the optimal formula to adopt to achieve desired economic development . Below are the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federal system of government: The major reason for the adoption of federal system of government in Nigeria is borne out of the historical experience that brought all the ethical groups together under one Nigeria. The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. The powers that exist between the federal and state government also depends on the constitution. Federalism in Nigeria. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Notify me of follow-up comments by email. More importantly, certain heavy but blurred (or fluid) terminologies that define or designate Nigerias federal principle, which are highly pertinent to coexistence, have yet compounded the theoretical and practical significance of federalism in Nigeria. Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. 7. Military administration does not apply the principle of federation. Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. Book excerpt: Defensive Federalism presents an original contribution to the field of federalism and multinational democracies, exploring the concept of defensive federalism as a protection of self- government against the "tyranny of the majority". Nigeria's independence was gotten and founded on the basis of a federalist system of Government. >> INTERNAL COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA Some of the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria are the diversity of the nation and the desire for political, cultural and social identity of a people of over 250 ethnic groups, several languages, diversities and a lot of political traditions; the desire for some form of Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, Differences Between First, Second and Third Degree Murder, Best Lawyers In The World (With Pictures): Top 10 Most Popular, Factors that Limits Independence of the Judiciary in Nigeria, Statute of Fraud: Contracts Required to be in Writing, Advantages And Disadvantages Of a Limited Liability Company (LLC), Richest Christian Musicians In The World: Top 10 Wealthiest, Countries With The Highest Minimum Wage 2022: Top 13, Best Handworks/Skills To Learn In Nigeria 2023: Top 12 Most Lucrative, Richest Engineers In Nigeria 2022: Top 10 Highest Paid, Cheapest Places to Live in the United Kingdom 2022: 12 Most Affordable, Cheapest Places/Cities To Live In Nigeria 2022. POL 124 MAIN CONTENT Mar 21, 2011 NEW (1), Resource Control, Federalism and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Reflection on Nigeria at Fifty, Federalism and Revenue Allocation in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation of the Derivation Principle, Legal Framework for Fiscal Federalism: Issues and Options for Reform, RESOURCE CONTROL, REVENUE ALLOCATION AND PETROLEUM POLITICS IN NIGERIA: THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Issues and Challenges, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, Federalism, Democracy and Constitutionalism: The Nigerian Experience. In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf. Federalism as said earlier decentralizes power. This helped to solve the problem of marginalization in the leadership. Northern Cameroons should remain with Northern Nigeria but Southern Cameroon should be granted autonomy with a legislature of its own. Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting both fancied and real fear of domination among the minorities. Keep it up , Yes , I love it and I was sentitize on those reasons. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. a group of selected academic teachers this book is suitable for adoption as a resource for a case driven approach to teaching "Corporate Governance" courses at an upper undergraduate or graduate level. In this paper I explain the hows and whys of the minorities continued disadvantaged status in spite of the far-reaching steps that have been taken to ameliorate, if not eliminate, the problem. Reasons For The Adoption Of Federalism In Nigeria. Pls visit us again dear reader. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. This simply means that federalism in Nigeria provides accommodation, an institutional arrangement which gives the component units equal and coordinate jural status. Do you want to know the basis and the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Just very few words have evoked much more controversy in the discus of politics than the word, federalism. June 1,2022 Federalism is a defined or is said to be the system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere coordinate and are independent. This duplicity of government is not alien to a federal structure as identified, except that in the Nigerian case, there is ineffable strife for dominance. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. 2. Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria. Again, in 1967 twelve states were created to appease the interest of those clamoring for states and weaken the geo-political holds of Biafra. Brad Simpson (2014) The Biafran secession and the limits of self-determination, Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2-3, 337-354, WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, LAST TRAIN TO BIAFRA - Memories of a Biafran Child: A Personal Family Experience, Fiscal Federalism, Ethnic Minorities and the National Question in Nigeria: Revisiting the Case of the Niger Delta People, WARN POLICY BRIEF WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, Biafra Resurgence: State Failure, Insecurity and Separatist Agitations in Nigeria, Biafra Separatism: Causes, Consequences and Remedies, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, THE DISINTEGRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA: A LESSON FOR NIGERIA, MASSOB AND IPOB SELF DETERMINATION AND THE NIGERIA STATE, Ndi Igbo, Leadership, Nationhood, the Nigerian Dilemma and Why We Are All Biafrans, Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, Exploring the Dimensions of Secessionist Agitations: Security Threats and Implications for Nigeria 1966-2016, REVISITING THE NIGERIA-BIAFRA WAR: THE INTANGIBLES OF POST- WAR RECONCILIATION, The Ambiguity of Constitutional Silence on State Secession in Nigeria: Looking Beyond Politics of Compassion and Prejudice, West Africa Insight Secessionist Movement ENGLISH Version, Situation Analysis on Public Safety and Security Governorship Election in Anambra State, IGBOS, A PEOPLE THRIVING AMIDST ADVERSITY: WHO ARE THE IGBOS, Pro-Biafran Activists and the call for a Referendum: A Sentiment Analysis of 'Biafraexit' on Twitter after UK's vote to leave the European Union, NIGERIA: WHAT IS TO BE DONE? 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. For a better explanation of the theory of federalism, I highly recommend that you watch the video below. Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. Given the size of Nigeria, it lays claims to being the Giant of Africa. Many nations in the international community recognizes her as such. No doubt, the Ethnic, Religious and Geographical nature of Nigeria also contributed to the reason why federalism was adopted. Olawale Olaopa, Ibikunle Ogundari, Mike Awoleye and Willie Siyanbola, Nigeria Quasi Federalism: An Obstacle To Peace And Development In Nigeria, FEDERAL BALANCING IN NIGERIA: A PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY, DECENTRALIZING PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF FEDERAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA, The National Assembly, Constitution Amendment and Civil Society Expectations, True Federalism in Nigeria: A Political Discourse, Re-regionalization and Fiscal Federalism: The Panacea for Accelerated National Development in Nigeria, REPORT OF NIGERIA'S 2014 NATIONAL DIALOGUE, Politics, Power. Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. >> The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. ideology, federalism becomes the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the. Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. Required fields are marked *. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. 3l:rmO"XDhG%2| There may be no point, of course, boring ones moment with such lengthy activity of working out their conceptual nuances. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . /F6 21 0 R It is not surprising that Nigeria in its 55 years of political sojourn has tried different forms of federalism. By way of conclusion, it is imperative to know that the reason why Nigeria is still practicing federalism today is because the system seems to be suitable for our political value and culture. Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. Insecurity and the desire for union are the main reasons for the shift from unitary system of government to federal system of government in 1954. /F7 24 0 R Nigeria and Ghana can not easily form a country chiefly because they are not geographically contiguous. In 1963 Midwestern region was created and Nigeria became a nation of four regions. % In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. and Democracy in Nigeria, ISSUES IN NIGERIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. This prototype edition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. Also see: Differences between Cross-offers and counter-offers, five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. The states' territories were formed around ethnic groups with common interest and close ties, culture, and dialects. A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. Voter Turnout, Voting Behavior and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria By Professor Sakah Saidu Mahmud Kwara State University, Malete 1. The paper identifies and discusses the problems associated with separatist movements and how they affect national and social security, and argues that while the definition of state failure is contested and therefore Nigeria cannot yet be called a failed state, but certainly a fragile state. Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation facing challenges within the balance of economic development along ethnic divisions in society. In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] The leaders also were from different major tribes and also wanted a level of power. There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. Federalism, State creation and National Integration State creation like federal character, quota system, etc. The British in their quest for economic wealth and geo-political edges over other Europeans in Africa made Nigeria the largest British colony in Africa. @VF:8=|@5&/1df gbjtCoy(L5A,JCI1/'5DT8`A!UY*&wTN5[v;KXvH* 5:>}W^Bp_ ;R!&L %s\q'(], It means that the sovereign unit (Centre) and local units . Parliamentary and Unitary system of government were in operation in Nigeria between 1914 and 1946. As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. Resource control: 3.7 7. ICT services have help in the improvement of the markets, reduction in transaction costs and increase . Nigeria. The federal system adopted in 1954 comprised a national government and three regional governments: Eastern, Northern, and Western. Keywords: Federalism, Nigeria, ethnic groups, federal character principle . Regrettably, this system is founded on a militarily-conceived constitution lacking a fully enforceable bill of rights and clear governmental functions. s" On the other hand; a constitution is unitary when there are created by the law made by the central legislature and their existence depends upon the government to control, supervision of the central government.