The total weights of particles retained are added and compared to the initial weight of the soil sample. Temperature Measurements. This is why its a good idea to record data sequentially, so you can spot gradual trends if they occur. The International Information Center for Geotechnical Engineers, Step-by-Step Sieve Analysis Test Procedure, Hydrometer Grain Size Analysis Calculations, Geotechnical Engineering Lab Manual, by Prof. William A. Kitch (Angelo State University), A list of Videos on Laboratory Testing to support Online Instruction, Splitting Tensile Strength Test (Brazilian), Step-by-Step Guide for Grain Size Analysis. The following error sources are discussed: (1) the number of particles (sample size) taken into account; (2) the degree with which samples can represent the product batch in view of (potential) segregation; (3) partial dissolution or agglomeration of particles during dispersion/dilution; and (4) ingression of air bubbles in suspensions and Smaller silt sized particles (0.002 mm to 0.05 mm) remain in suspension longer, but eventually fall from . "B qfA>35p'r\)W&\MN~^+RR +5hvw 6@AQ,,pu$Kz=?IqlQ~-" !U, Poor or unperformed sample division is one of the primary sources of error in particle analysis, particularly for materials with wide size distributions. of the hydrometer disrupting the settling of the soil particles. AZoM, viewed 04 March 2023, https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=20676. The methods used have usually been established for years and are rarely questioned. /BitsPerComponent 8 amount of clay (which can also be. Add 5gr of sodium hexametaphosphate solution and utilize a high-speed mixer to disperse it (~3 min.). We use cookies to enhance your experience. Random sampling. 7.9 Record the hydrometer reading at 40 sec. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. The greatest influence of sample quantity is in sieve analysis: one of the most frequently seen errors is overloaded sieves. E5Ge0l&8#d n)]s*>JrI Rx@ {O0
`;wv/['"1Y}1KpF^:ppx@(}0, During laser diffraction, all diffraction signals are assessed as if they were produced by ideally spherical model particles. The hydrometer method is useful only for measuring particles with a grain diameter of 2 mm or less (sands, silts, and clays). For dry measurements, dispersion is generally conducted in a compressed air stream. From the above considerations, it is inevitable to conclude that various methods for particle measurement produce different results. Figure 2: Grain Size Distribution curve of a medium-fine sand. What incomplete definition means is that it can be hard for two people to define the point at which the measurement is complete. Therefore, sieve analysis generally determines the width of a particle. The percentage retained on each sieve is determined by dividing each weight retained by the initial weight of the soil sample. In particle measurement, as with all other analytical methods, a basic standardized procedure is also necessary for meaningful and consistent measurement results. Regardless of these facts, the procedure should be periodically critically reviewed because a wide range of sources of error can negatively impact the results of particle analysis. Geotechnical Engineering Bureau. In the first example (Fig. Why? throwing up 4s meaning; back house for rent in alhambra, ca; 8000 mg paracetamol at once; dennis the menace dad changed 20 kPa (red), 30 kPa (brown), 50 kPa (orange), 100 kPa (violet), 100 kPa (purple), 150 kPa (gray), 200 kPa (green), 300 kPa (dark green) and 460 kPa (blue). Converting laser diffraction results to number distributions is also possible, but since only a simple spherical model is available, this is less precise, and it is recommended that the volume distribution should be used when possible. While considerably more sophisticated techniques have appeared. Mix the solution well. For particle analysis, the sample amount available is generally too large for the measuring instruments used. Based on Stoke's Law, it is known that sand size particles (0.05 mm to 2 mm) fall from suspension rapidly. Poor or unperformed sample division is one of the primary sources of error in particle analysis, particularly for materials with wide size distributions. This International Day of Women and Girls in Science,AZoM talks with Dr. Debrupa Lahiri, an associate professor in the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at IIT Roorkee, about her research and career in STEM. [Journal of the Japanese Society of Soil Physics (Japan)], "Error correction method for hydrometer analysis in test method for particle size distribution of soils"@eng. Place 50 grams of your dried, ground, and sieved soil sample in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Smaller silt sized particles (0.002 mm to 0.05 mm) remain in suspension longer, but eventually fall from suspension. Save Share. BLACK published THEORETICAL ERRORS OF HYDROMETER METHODS FOR THE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SOILS | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate 200 sieve size (0.075 mm). Particle size is one of the criteria used to determine whether a soil is suitable for building roads, embankments, dams, etc. Immediately transfer the soil slurry into the empty sedimentation cylinder and add distilled water up to the mark. Reproducibility can be significantly improved using a simple sample splitter when several subsamples are analyzed. When conducting particle analysis several methods may be employed, the most frequently used being laser diffraction, dynamic image analysis, and sieve analysis. Ideally, in sieve analysis, particles orient themselves so that their smallest projected area passes through the smallest possible mesh. The basis for this test is Stokes Law for falling spheres in a viscous fluid in which the terminal velocity of fall depends on the grain diameter and the densities of the grains in suspension and of the fluid. At time zero, the particles are at rest but instantly accelerate to their terminal settlement velocity. 04 March 2023. In sieve analysis, it is necessary to adjust the sample weight in accordance with the particle size and density, as well as the sieve stack used. Which type of distribution is present depends heavily on the measuring system being used. Each sieve has squared shaped openings of a certain size. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Summary of Methods In test method for particle size distribution of soils, sieve analysis result and hydrometer analysis result may not be skillfully connected. Calculations for this method are provided below. Popular with a large proportion of users is the representation as distribution density, often incorrectly and succinctly referred to as a Gaussian curve. 6. Laser diffraction connects all signals to a sphere of equal effect and therefore delivers volume-based distributions. Add 100 mL of 5% Calgon solution to the sample, cap flask, and swirl until solution and soil are well mixed (several minutes). The water content (w), also known as natural water content or natural moisture content, is the rat Seequent, The Bentley Subsurface Company's, Create a free account and view content that fits your specific interests in geotechnical engineering. Volume measurements are the most critical part of this technique. Numerous studies have looked into factors affecting ethical decisions. (Note: It should take about ten seconds to insert or remove the hydrometer to minimize any disturbance, and the release of the hydrometer should be made as close to the reading depth as possible to avoid excessive bobbing.). Take out the hydrometer, rinse it with distilled water and allow it to stand in a jar containing distilled water at the same temperature as that of the test . It is said that in hydrometer analysis, much error arises from many causes, and it brings about the error for the values of percent finer by mass and particle size calculated using Stokes' law. Soil mass is What is Soil Consolidation? ! To derive the particles percentage passing for each reading stage the following equation is utilized: - : correction factor for particle density, - W: weight of the original dry soil (typically, 50 gr). Image Credit:Microtrac MRB. State of New York. `;6='w I"P8AXHW5z#fi)SpLSE}sS4+60,C?Q{dF@/V++~Z6g[4tl=(YF/3FBCJt!qJ!=sL!f#0|MIj&sJGuxxG=?p A hydrometer analysis is the process by which fine-grained soils, AZoM. The sample material used is a standard sand with a particle size between 63 m and 4000 m. 1. at all times 2. attached herewith 3. due to the fact that 4. in the event of 5. Pourable samples may even be analyzed in free fall. Because the fluids viscosity, the unit weight of soil particles and the unit weight of the fluid depend only on the temperature and the specific gravity of the soil particles, GS (typical value ~ GS=2.70), the first term of the equation is substituted by a constant known as Sedimentation constant K. Therefore, Stokes Law is simplified as following: The terminal velocity of the particles (v, in cm/min) is calculated by dividing the sedimentation depth L (the distance from the surface of the suspension to the center of volume of the hydrometer, in cm) by time (t, in min). You are measuring against a standard, using an instrument that can never perfectly duplicate the standard, plus you're human, so you might introduce errors based on your technique. Examples of eects that cause systematic errors include friction slowing down an object, or an uneven table top causing an object to speed up. Also, by knowing that the sample must add to 100%, the percent sand can also quickly be determined. /Filter/DCTDecode Take 50 g of oven-dry, well-pulverized soil in a beaker. The average value of the measured opening width must correspond to predefined tolerances around the nominal mesh size. Provide more precise equivalents to the following hackneyed expressions in business writing (2 points each). During a titration, if youre looking for a color change, it can be hard to tell when it actually occurs. The data are plotted on a semi-log plot of percent finer versus grain diameters to represent the particle size distribution. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Use a water bottle to completely rinse. Any categorization of grains larger than 100mm will be conducted visually whereas particles smaller than 0.075 mm can be distributed using the Hydrometer Method. 200 sieve size are subdivided, The particle size of silt generally ranges from .075 mm to .002 mm. Successful analysis and relevant results can only be acquired if preparatory steps such as sampling, sample division, and sample preparation are performed in the appropriate manner. Sieve and Hydrometer Analysis lab report.docx, Sieve and Hydrometer Analysis Lab Report.pdf, LAB REPORT - HYDROMETER TEST (GROUP 1) - EC1104B.pdf, Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Whenever youre ready to share your code with your team you should push your, e marked a brief return to chivalry 169 What term describes the right of foreign, Feedback Your answer is correct Question 23 Correct Mark 100 out of 100 Flag, Screen Shot 2021-12-08 at 12.54.46 AM.png, Integumentary PowerPoint- 2021 ATI-Updated (3PP) (1).pdf, 1619-Article Text-1277-1-10-20161025-1.pdf, Question 3 of 13 Question 3 The Seven Years War 17561763 was fought between, Sam discovered a new signaling molecule secreted in the bloodstream It is a, A customer has an application with a wildly variable runtime In the morning, 1. With finer particles, the error is more likely to happen during the dispersion phase. IN-rRODUCrION Hydrometer sedimentation analysis is one of the older modes of particle size determination. The particles are represented by smooth and rigid spheres with the same specific gravity. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. methods such as seive shaking are:- "How to Avoid the Top 10 Errors in Particle Analysis". ; r|d9iQJ\.zUo eAt0BIe(aX6h An9G+_$BQSn @H0n(zhl#W&t0Owg"lbuY=c]e/Iz [uQK3D"iOHnl[,{M/ ]4[Z,ZxrROb-[gZZWrPJc>(H6\&.aNDoeBsR}mqGMZ.SaXpX u8=Eea[Q'g -LgxFCNaM(}lFw9Z6SAw=YKeH FTvPh6_QM>>(L]\ IxipiYa#mL>o-4YX%+1oBV6|~[/U/G7 iqG,shvpz^Z
+k(kboQcSaaa'WW5}e:hJ4|kYVIYy#K9_]gO=lDc Note some of these systematic errors are progressive, so data becomes better (or worse) over time, so its hard to compare data points taken at the beginning of an experiment with those taken at the end. is the weight of the soil sample in grams. As the soil particles sink the density decreases until it reaches the initial density of the liquid. 1 Particle Size (Hydrometer) DATE: SEPT 2004 Particle Size Analysis (Hydrometer Method) 1. Make sure you read the method for using a volumetric flask correctly. (Repeat 7.8 - 7.9 for each sample) 7.10 Record the hydrometer reading again after 6 hours, 52 minutes. Utilize a desiccator to place the sample and allow it to cool. 2. This makes image analysis data comparable to sieve data or laser diffraction. in masse. Sample: milk powder. /ColorSpace/DeviceRGB The hydrometer method is useful only for measuring particles with a grain diameter of 2 mm or less (sands, silts, and clays). As soon as you remove the plunger, check the exact time, record/remember it, quickly rinse the plunger into the graduated cylinder using as little water as possible, and gently insert the hydrometer into the suspension. More info. 4). Four measurements with the CAMSIZER P4 image analyzer (red / blue / violet / green) provide four different results. The assumptions that are made using Stokes Law in the hydrometer test are the following: Geotechnical Test Method: Test Method and Discussion for the Particle Size Analysis of Soils by Hydrometer Method (2015). Difference between number- and mass-based distribution using the example of four different grinding ball sizes. A pan is also used to collect those particles that pass through the last sieve (No. While the soil is soaking, add 125 mL of the dispersing agent to the control cylinder and fill it to the mark with distilled water. The use of sample dividers can correct this situation. This problem has been solved! Retrieved on March 04, 2023 from https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=20676. and gently insert the hydrometer into the suspension. Let the soil soak for at least ten minutes. 1a). GTM-13, Revision 2. 1) Presence of soil lumps which if unchecked would lead to error Analysis of the test results Complete the table provided and show one sample calculation. As the name implies, a hydrometer is used; a hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity of a fluid. If the temperature is below 68 F, subtract 0.2 units from the blank hydrometer reading for EACH degree below 68 F. You'll get better resolution on the errors at the top of the range, and any measurement errors, or reading errors will make up a smaller portion of the results. Instrument resolution is also considered a type of random error because the measurement is equally likely higher or lower than the true value. 2. Place 50 g of fine soil in a beaker, add 125 mL of the dispersing agent (sodium hexametaphosphate [40 g/L] solution) and stir the mixture until the soil is thoroughly wet. The meniscus correction is the difference between the top of the meniscus and the level of the solution in the control jar (usually about +1). The beaker will have a greater amount of error than the cylinder. Reprinted with kind permission from CSC Publishing [Powder and Bulk Engineering. Legal. We could also say that a factor, for an error could be that the Mixer we used to stir our experiment may have had a significant, affect in the test because of unsteady shaking of the fluid. The hydrometer grain size analysis takes advantage of the change in the relative density of a soil-water mixture as the soil particles sink. Table 1: The sieves typically utilized in the Grain Size Analysis test, Table 2: Soil classification based on particle size range (USCS). Based on Stokes Law, it is known that sand size particles (0.05 mm to 2 mm) fall from suspension rapidly. For the majority of powdered materials, 20-30 kPa is sufficientfor complete dispersion. Both sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis are required to obtain the complete gradation curve of the coarse and fine fraction of many natural soils. The analysis is conducted via two techniques. Specifications for sampling, sample division, sample preparation and evaluation should also be effectively determined here. In image analysis, you can't actually use too much sample. half up half down pigtails The lower limit of the particle-size determined by this procedure is about 0.001 mm. Soil deposits consist of the soil particles and the void space between the particles. Generally speaking, the larger the particles, the greater the probability of error in sampling and sample splitting. Clay sized particles (less than 0.002 mm) are small enough to remain in suspension indefinitely. Automatic rotating sample dividers, such as the Retsch PT 100, deliver the best dividing results (Fig. The test is conducted by placing a series of sieves with progressively smaller mesh sizes on top of each other and passing the soil sample through the stacked sieve tower. In the next measurement example (Fig. Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering 93% (85) 8. Right after shaking, place the container on top of a table and start measuring time. Apply the meniscus correction to the actual hydrometer reading. procedure involves lowering a hydrometer into a soil-water suspension at different times. the apparatus that was used during this lab. Fig. After 2 hours have elapsed, take another hydrometer reading from soil solution and record the, Place clean hydrometer into water-Calgon solution and record, Place thermometer into water-Calgon solution and read temperature. For volume distributions, large particles possess a stronger weighting, while for number distributions, small particles are weighted stronger. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Instrument drift is a common source of error when using electronic instruments. Image Credit:Microtrac MRB. Generally, when selecting the dispersion pressure the rule applies as much as necessary and as little as possible. Draw the grain size distribution curve for the data from the hydrometer analysis only and the combined grain-size distribution curve. Table 3: Typical Grain Size Analysis data sheet. Slowly remove and lower the mixing cup so that the mixer propeller is just above water level. (Ryukyu Univ., Nishihara, Okinawa (Japan). Information obtained from a particle size analysis can be used to predict soil-water movement if a permeability test is not available. Take a 1000-cc graduated cylinder and add 875 cc of distilled water. This means that it is possible that the hydrometer, Another source of error that could have been a skew of. Alternate turning the cylinder upside down and back upright for one minute, inverting it approximately 30 times. Therefore, for this sample, 150 kPa would be the optimum dispersion pressure. If you do not have a hot/cold water bath to bring the temperature of the wine and the collected . Use the template provided to prepare your lab report for this experiment. It is capable of pressing samples in supporting steel rings as well as in the standard unsupported format. To correct for temperature effects and density of the dispersion agent, mix 100 mL of 5% Calgon and 880 mL of distilled water in a clean 1000 mL graduated cylinder and allow it to sit for two hours. Slowly insert the hydrometer device into the container and take readings at 10, 20, 40, 60 and 120 seconds, respectively. Set the cylinder down and record the time. [40 Points] An excavation is made in stiff, saturated clay that is underlain by a layer of sand (see gure below}. Other methods, such as hand measurement with a caliper, offer number-based distributions predicated on an amount of particles in each measurement class. [([v>F"j'#q|dQ:q!rhk*AONxkO4xlQG.n?+DYg}tD.f(9Ql 8lOn Dvmp_#@ For this reason, its best to test using different locations of a sample or take multiple measurements to reduce the amount of error. These standards determine how the real mesh size of each sieve is to be tested. Faculty of Agriculture). 3a), as the pressure rises, the result becomes increasingly finer until it stabilizes around 150 kPa and above. 4. 3. Based on the range of the particle sizes, and the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), soils can be classified in the generic categories presented in Table 2. In DLS, it is customary to alter distributions to volume-based, but when interpreting the results, care must be taken to establish which distribution type was used. Do you have a question you'd like to ask regarding this article? Record the temperature of the soil-water suspension to the nearest 0.5C for each hydrometer reading.
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This is called representative sampling. Figure 4. The hydrometer method is one commonly used method to accurately determine particle size distribution in a soil sample. This article discussesthe pros and cons of various methods ofparticle characterization and explainshow to make them more reliable and accurate. Since the number decreases with increasing particle size, the number-related proportions (P0) are higher in those of the small grinding balls. Nanotechnology's challenges = equipment manufacturers'. In test method for particle size distribution of soils, sieve analysis result and hydrometer analysis result may not be skillfully connected. An example of a resolution error is taking volume measurements with a beaker as opposed to a graduated cylinder. (NOTE: 100 mL + 880 mL = 980 mL the missing 20 mL accounts for the approximate volume occupied by 50 grams of soil). 3. This is the amount of silt plus clay suspended. management, although timing was not the biggest factor. 5shows the result of the size measurement of coffee powder as a result of sieving, CAMSIZER image analysis, and also laser diffraction. 1. AZoM. Dynamic light scattering depicts a special case where particle sizes are weighted based on their contribution to the overall scattering intensity. Here, measurement method sensitivity plays a decisive role. Therefore, it is hardly representative to only take a sample froma single location. 1a). stream Particle analysis results are generally given as a percentage, either as a percentage per measurement class, or as a proportion larger or smaller than a particular size x. Particle size distribution obtained from sieve analysis may be combined with the data from a hydrometer analysis to produce a complete gradation curve. fC:kp#M-?u U 5ns;^4:?hjc\igzu,o',T^GPb F!\_Ik;&4``U';H Microtrac MRB. The typical testing procedure consists of the following steps: If the temperature throughout the hydrometer test remains constant, the Stokes Law can be utilized to derive the diameter of the particles. Komiya, Y. Using the example of sieve analysis it is possible to illustrate this point here. Take the hydrometer readings after periods of 1/2, 1, 2 and 4 minutes. In this instance, the measurement data are mainly distributed based on a number. This should be allowed to soak for about 8 to 12 hours. It is crucial to note that these are average values; some openings can be even greater and allow particles of a corresponding size to pass through the sieve. When measuring with the caliper, smaller or larger values are acquired, depending on the orientation. errors. Image Credit:Microtrac MRB. Test sieves are manufactured using wire cloth in line with the standards DIN ISO 3310-1 or ASTM E11. Principles of Soil Science Exercise Manual (Bowen), { "1.01:_Determining_Soil_Physical_Properties" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
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